A SurvivorChé distinguished himself, outperforming every Cuban while training in Mexico, despite his bouts of asthma. He was one of the few survivors of Castro"s disastrous Granma landing, which the Cuban army had spotted. Ché Guevara made his way to the remote Sierra Maestra, where he joined Castro and seventeen other Granma survivors — the men who would form the core leadership of revolutionary Cuba.
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Jungle FighterChé fought bravely in the mountains. He earned Castro"s confidence and was the first rebel to be given the rank of comandante. Marching on Santa Clara in late 1958, his column derailed an armored train filled with dictator Fulgencio Batista"s troops and took over the city. Guevara"s triumph would be the final blow in the rebel military campaign against Batista.
Cuban LeaderBy January 1959, Guevara, along with the Castro brothers, was recognized as one of the three most powerful leaders of the Cuban revolution. He became a Cuban citizen, divorced Hilda Galea, married a beautiful Cuban woman, Aleida March, and began a new family.
Oversaw PrisonsGuevara"s first assignment was to oversee executions at an infamous prison, La Cabaña. Between 1959 and 1963, approximately 500 men were killed under his watch. Many individuals imprisoned at La Cabaña, including human rights activist Armando Valladares, allege that Guevara took a personal interest in the interrogation, torture, and execution of political prisoners.
AuthorGuevara recorded the two years he spent in overthrowing Batista"s regime in a detailed account entitled Pasajes de la Guerra Revolucionaria, which came out in 1963. An English translation, Reminiscences of the Cuban Revolutionary War, was issued five years later.
Popular But IneffectiveLacking any managerial training, Ché was nevertheless named head of Cuba"s central bank. Later, he became Minister of Industries. He called for the diversification of the Cuban economy, and for the elimination of what he called material incentives. Volunteer work and dedication of workers would drive economic growth. All that was needed was will. Ché led by example. He worked endlessly at his ministry job, in construction, and even cutting sugar cane. His good looks, acerbic humor and willingness to point out the revolution"s shortcomings earned him the affection of many Cubans. But by 1963, as characterized by a CIA classified report, "Guevara... had brought... the economy to its lowest point since Castro came to power."
Critic of the SovietsGuevara became disillusioned with the Soviet Union, attacking Moscow in every international forum. After Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev removed nuclear missiles from Cuba during the 1962 Missile Crisis, Guevara questioned Moscow"s commitment to international socialism. He was also critical of Soviet insistence that Cuba continue to specialize in sugar. "The socialist countries are, in a way, accomplices of imperialist exploitation," he told a gathering of Third World revolutionaries in Algiers.
Era of World RevolutionChé"s reputation outside of Cuba, among leftist intellectuals and the radical youth that called itself "the new left," grew by leaps and bounds. It was an era of world revolution, and Fidel Castro had declared his readiness to support revolutionaries "in any corner of the world." Ché was the most visible advocate of this commitment. In early 1965 he mysteriously disappeared from view. For six months Fidel kept his silence. Then, in October 1965, he revealed the contents a letter he had kept secret. In an emotional farewell, Ché had renounced all his official posts, given up his Cuban citizenship and left Cuba "to fight imperialism... in new fields of battle." Ché wrote, "I have fulfilled the part of my duty that tied me to the Cuban revolution... and I say goodbye to you, to the comrades, to your people, who are now mine."
International AgitatorChé"s whereabouts became an international guessing game: The London Timesreported him in Addis Ababa and Dar es Salaam; eyewitnesses spotted him in Vietnam. Others announced his death. But Ché was deep in the African Congo, fighting a futile war and barely escaping with his life. Humiliated, he returned secretly to Cuba. Soon, though, Ché decided to return to his native Argentina to bring about revolution. But neither the Argentine Communist Party nor Castro approved of his decision. It was Fidel who suggested that Ché go instead to Bolivia, and try ignite a continental revolution.
Legend and LiabilityBy the late 1960s, Cuba was increasingly absorbed into the Soviet sphere, and Ché was becoming a liability. Unable to ignite successful guerrilla movements, he offended Moscow at every turn. After six months training in the mountains of Cuba, the now legendary rebel entered Bolivia disguised as a businessman, determined "to turn the Bolivian Andes into another Sierra Maestra."
In BoliviaGuevara"s guerrilla group, numbering about 120, were well equipped and scored a number of early successes. Then came a series of disasters. The U.S. government located the group and sent CIA operatives into Bolivia. The local population turned its back on the rebels. Bolivia"s Moscow-oriented Communist Party reneged on a commitment to help him. Moreover, Guevara was being hunted by a U.S.-trained elite battalion of Bolivian Rangers skilled in jungle warfare. "Bolivia. July, 1967," Ché wrote in his diary. "The negative aspects prevail, including the failure to make contact with the outside. We are down to 22 men, three of whom are disabled, including myself." By September, he was suffering from acute asthma, weakened by dysentery, and surrounded by the Bolivian Rangers.
Cut OffMonths passed, and Guevara received no word from Havana. "The interesting thing about Ché in Bolivia was that he was in the eastern high Andes, which are readily accessible for anyone who knew where he was. Fidel knew where he was," journalist Georgie Anne Geyer, who investigated Ché"s death, has concluded. "He could"ve sent someone up from Paraguay. He could"ve sent someone out from La Paz, the capital. There was no contact. Ché is left wandering in this very high, wild jungle." Although Castro would deny any possibility of rescuing Guevara, biographer Jorge Castañeda authoritatively concluded, "Fidel did not send Ché to his death in Bolivia. He simply allowed history to run its course."
Death of a RevolutionaryThe Bolivian Rangers captured Ché Guevara on October 8, 1967, at a ravine called El Yuro. The next day he was executed. His body was photographed on a stone slab in a small hut for the whole world to see. On October 12, an American State Department analysis of Ché"s death predicted, "Guevara will be eulogized as the model revolutionary who met a heroic death."
IconA photograph taken by Alberto Korda in March 1960 soon became one of the century"s most recognizable images. Che"s portrait was simplified and reproduced on a vast array of merchandise, such as T-shirts, posters, and baseball caps -- and Guevara remains an icon of world revolution.
Chính trịQuốc phòng - An ninh
Đa phương tiện
Bảo vệ nền tảng tư tưởng của Đảng
Kinh tếXã hội
Văn hóa
Phóng sự - Điều tra
Giáo dục - Khoa học
Pháp Luật
Bạn đọc
Y tếThể Thao
Quốc tế
Chính trị
Quốc phòng - An ninh
Đa phương tiện
Bảo vệ nền tảng tư tưởng của Đảng
Kinh tếXã hội
Văn hóa
Phóng sự - Điều tra
Giáo dục - Khoa học
Pháp Luật
Bạn đọc
Y tếThể thao
Quốc tếDu lịch
Tư liệu - Hồ sơ
Mỗi năm, cứ đến ngày 8-10, tôi lại bồi hồi nhớ đến những kỷ niệm không thể nào quên về những lần được gặp “người du kích anh hùng” Ernesto Che Guevara.
Kỳ 2: Ernesto Che Guevara - người bạn lớn của Việt Nam
Cuộc gặp giữa hai người du kích
Vào tháng 7-1964 ấy, khi tôi sắp kết thúc mấy năm học tiếng Tây Ban Nha, ngôn ngữ thông dụng ở Cuba và mấy chục nước Mỹ Latinh khác, tôi được Đại sứ quán ta giao nhiệm vụ làm phiên dịch phục vụ Anh hùng Núp trong chuyến thăm Cuba của anh. Vừa đến La Habana vào buổi sáng 11-7, chưa kịp nghỉ ngơi sau chuyến bay vượt Đại Tây Dương dài mười mấy giờ, Anh hùng Núp đã nhận được lời mời dự Quốc khánh Mông Cổ tối hôm đó tại Khách sạn National. Che Guevara, nhân vật thứ hai sau Fidel Castro, cũng tới dự buổi lễ. Sau khi kết thúc các thủ tục lễ nghi với các quan chức Đại sứ quán Mông Cổ, Che Guevara mời Anh hùng Núp vào phòng khách của khách sạn chuyện trò thân mật như hai người bạn tri kỷ lâu ngày gặp nhau.
Sau mấy lời thăm hỏi xã giao, Che Guevara đề nghị Anh hùng Núp:
- Hôm nay, tôi muốn nghe đồng chí kể về những năm tháng đánh Tây ở quê hương đồng chí!
Anh hùng Núp vui vẻ nhận lời rồi chậm rãi kể chuyện. Che chăm chú lắng nghe, thỉnh thoảng lại xin lỗi được hỏi những điều chưa rõ hay chưa hiểu. Cuộc trò chuyện kéo dài tới gần 1 giờ 30 phút sáng hôm sau, Che mới ngừng hỏi chuyện và đứng dậy chào tạm biệt với lời cảm ơn chân thành:
- Xin cảm ơn đồng chí đã dành cho tôi một buổi tối thật tuyệt vời và chuyện kể của đồng chí thật thú vị!
Tình cảm dành cho Việt Nam
Tình cảm của Che Guevara dành cho Việt Nam được Tổ chức đoàn kết ba châu: Á, Phi, Mỹ latinh (OSPAAAL) nhận xét trong một báo cáo tổng kết hoạt động của mình: “Đề tài về Việt Nam là rất quan trọng trong tư duy chính trị và chiến lược của Che Guevara...”. Qua những gì được biết, tôi thấy nhận xét trên quả là đúng đắn.
“Dân tộc Việt Nam thật vĩ đại biết bao! Nhân dân Việt Nam đã dũng cảm, kiên cường biết bao! Đây là bài học mà cuộc chiến đấu của Việt Nam mang lại cho thế giới...
Chúng ta không thể lảng tránh lời kêu gọi đấu tranh khi đã được đưa ra. Việt Nam đã cho chúng ta bài học thường xuyên về chủ nghĩa anh hùng, bài học đấu tranh sinh tử để giành thắng lợi hoàn toàn”.
VŨ VĂN ÂU - Nguyên phóng viên thường trú và Trưởng phân xã đầu tiên của TTXVN tại Cuba